The History of the Earth video summary
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The Earth was made up of rock at one point in time and then a meteor shower hit the earth. Inside the meteors there were salt crystals carrying small particles of water. When the meteors hit the earth, those salt crystals carrying the water particles spread across the huge dirt planet. Oxygen played a big role in the spreading of the water.
The Properties of Water
Polarity
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A molecule that has electrically charged areas is called a polar molecule. Uneven charges making one end positive and one end negative is called polarity.
Cohesion
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The tendency of water molecules to form weak bonds with each other is called cohesion.
Adhesion
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The tendency of water to stick to other substances.
Capillary Action
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The combined forces of cohesion and adhesion allow water to climb tubes against the force of gravity, as seen in roots and stems in plants.
Surface tension
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The force (weak hydrogen bonds) that keeps the surface of water together, preventing the individual molecules to separate
Specific heat
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The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
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A hydrogen bond is a type of attractive interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom
Properties of Water Lab
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The alcohol spread out on the skin and the water just bubbled up on the skin. The water is cooler than the alcohol.
Water Tension/Cohesion-#2 Water on a Penny
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We predicted that 20 drops could fit on the penny but we got 23 drops to fit on the penny. The penny can hold the water because of the ridges around the penny and surface tension. This creates a bubble over the penny almost like a force field.
Surface Tension- #3 Water on Wax Paper
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The alcohol spread out flat on the wax paper and the alcohol bubbled up as you see in the photo.
Surface Tension- #3 Paper Clips
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We only got one paper clip to float on the top of the water but only because we didn't fill the cup to the bubbling point. When we added a drop of soap the paper clip fell to the bottom.
Adhesion- #4 Graduated Cylinder
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The water isn't a straight line because the sides that touch the cylinders are adhesive
Water as a Solvent- #5 Dissolving
Salt dissolves, sugar does not dissolve, and oil does not dissolve. Water is a powerful solvent because it is a liquid and things can easily be mixed with it. I think that artificial sweeteners and dissolving medications can also dissolve. Anything solid like rocks or wood wouldn't be able to dissolve.
The Density Lab
The purpose of this lab is to see what happens in the ocean with the amount of salt with the depth. The salt dissolves in the water and based on the amount of salt in each beaker, determined the layers. We used color so we can tell the water that is separated. In the ocean, there are layers that separate due to the amount of salt dissolved in the water.
Buoyancy Lab
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In this lab we tested on what boat could hold how many coins. We made different types of boats to see which would float the best with the most weight. The first boat was a cup shape, the second one was more pocketed shape, and the third was a small raft with short walls. The pocket ship held well but sank after 3 pennies, the small raft did well also but sunk after overflow with 4 pennies, and the cup held up to 16 pennies before sinking.
Bill Nye - Oceanography
Heat from the sun makes the water in the ocean evaporate but the salt stays in the ocean. Rain water isn't salty because salt is too big to be evaporated. Salty water is heavier due to the amount of salt in the water. Water helps to keep England warm because of the golf stream currents, a current is a flowing stream. Thermohaline currents are currents that are driven by the heat and amount of salt in the water. Data markers are used to record ocean currents. Fish need currents for circulation of food and oxygen. The Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea are salty because the bodies of water are inclosed and have no where else to go. The heat from the sun warms the water and then the gulf moves water. The Gulf Stream has the most powerful current. Mars is too cold to have oceans, the water would just freeze. Many things depend on our currents for food, transportation, and a suitable environment.
Density, Temperature, and Salinity
The salinity and temperature can constantly change in the ocean due to the sun, rainfall, and evaporation. These things also affect the density of the water causing it to either rise or sink. All these things put together create layers in the ocean from saltiest to least salty and create currents. These currents circulate the globe constantly searching for an equilibrium in water condition.
Ocean Currents
Currents
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A body of water moving in a definite direction due to wind and/or gravity.
Gulf Stream
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A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the east coast of the U.S.
How are currents cause?
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Currents can be caused by the rise and fall of tides which occurs with the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon. Tides create a current in the ocean which are called tidal currents.
Surface and Deep Circulation
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Surface circulation: circulation within the upper layer of the sea
Deep circulation: sweeps against the deep sea floor
Deep circulation: sweeps against the deep sea floor
Gyre
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Well organized, roughly circular flow. Located in the subtropics, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.
Importance of surface currents
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-wind -energy -slopes -sunlight
-friction -gravity -movement
-friction -gravity -movement
Summer in the tropics
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Heat makes the sea water expand, rising tide.
Coriolis Effect
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Currents that move at an angle. Earth rotates faster at the equator than the poles. Things that move towards higher slower moving latitudes, outpace the rotation.
Airplanes
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Planes flying above the equator drift east and planes that fly below the equator drift west and lag.
Currents "veer" because the current moves aside from the land in the opposite direction.
What happens in the Gulf Stream
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The stream moves away from the equator, causing mixing of warm and cold water.
El Nino
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The equatorial counter current triggers El Nino.
Longshore currents
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Flow along shore lines when waves hit at an angle. Beaches disappear.
Rip currents
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Obstacles channel away from the shoreline, people can get swept out to sea.
Upwelling currents
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Winds push surface water away from the shore and deeper water rises to fill it's gap. They bring nutrients to the surface.
Global Conveyor Belt
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Deep water currents that loop around, hot and cold water mixes. 16 times combined flow of rivers.
Thermohaline Circulation
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Conveyor begins on the surface of the sea near the poles. The water gets cold and as the water gets colder and saltier, it's density increases. Then it sinks pulling surface water above it thus creating a current.